Israel's covert campaign: Inside Iran's nuclear sabotage

The only Middle Eastern country possessing nuclear weapons is Israel. While some of its neighbors, such as Iraq, Syria, and Iran, have pursued or are pursuing their nuclear programs, Israel takes steps to sabotage them. When diplomacy or computer viruses aren't sufficient, scientists start to die.

Israel's attack on Lebanon and Iran's missile response raise fears that Israel's next target could be Iranian nuclear installations. Although geopolitical experts often discuss this in terms of rocket strikes or air raids by the Israeli air force, it's worth noting that the attack has been ongoing for a long time.

Although it usually hasn't taken the form of open military actions, it has effectively hindered Iran from building its nuclear capability. Targets include both infrastructure and scientists and military commanders involved in executing the Iranian nuclear program.

In August 2011, an Iranian court sentenced 23-year-old Majid Jamali Fashi to death. According to Iranian media, he was tried for "war against God."

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The sentencing statement claimed that Jamali Fashi traveled to Israel, where he was trained and received $120,000. The victim of the bomb attack he was accused of was quantum physicist Masoud Ali Mohammadi from Tehran University. The scientist died while leaving his own house in a booby-trapped motorcycle explosion, and Iranian government media accused the United States and Israel of organizing the attack.

Washington unequivocally denied these reports, while Jerusalem did not comment. The sentence on Majid Jamali Fashi was carried out a year later. Why did the physicist become a target of the attack?

Although there were many uncertainties surrounding his death, some Western sources, like Time, considered the scientist's involvement in Iran's nuclear program, which threatened Israel, as a probable cause. Masoud Ali Mohammadi is widely regarded as the first in a series of victims connected to work on Iran's nuclear program.

This attribution likely isn't accurate, and Israeli diversion efforts began much earlier.

As early as 2007, Ardeshir Hosseinpour, an Iranian scientist working on nuclear energy at the Isfahan Center, died under unexplained circumstances. Iranian media reported that the physicist accidentally suffocated during sleep due to a faulty gas heater.

However, an analysis by the American think tank Stratfor, citing Israeli intelligence sources, was unequivocal: Ardeshir Hosseinpour died because of his involvement in the Iranian nuclear program, and Israel was responsible for his death.

Another target of "unknown assailants" was Fereydoon Abbasi Davani, who survived an attack with minor injuries. His role was significant, as in February 2011, he took charge of Iran's nuclear program.

By 2012, at least four other researchers involved in nuclear-related research had died, such as Prof. Majid Ali Shahriari, who was shot through his car window by a passing motorcyclist.

On the same day, another prominent scientist, Fereydoon Abbasi Davani, was attacked similarly. He emerged unscathed and soon became the chairman of the National Council for Nuclear Energy.

Shortly thereafter, a passenger Tupolev-134 crashed in Russia. Although no Iranians were on board, five Russian physicists who worked at the Bushehr nuclear power plant in Iran were aboard. However, the Russian investigation did not find sabotage to be the cause of the crash.

The series of scientist deaths is compounded by issues in industrial installations caused by the Stuxnet computer worm. It was designed to activate upon infecting a computer network when detecting specific types of controllers—precisely those Iran used to control centrifuges for uranium enrichment.

Modifications to these controllers in 984 devices at the Natanz facility caused increased centrifuge speeds, resulting in damage. It is unclear what losses the Iranian nuclear program suffered due to this. However, former Mossad chief Meir Dagan once stated that Stuxnet delayed the creation of an Iranian atomic bomb by three years.

It is known, however, that shortly after Stuxnet's activation, Iran began enriching uranium through gas diffusion instead of centrifuges. An expert in this field was Prof. Mostafa Ahmadi Roshan, but before his work could yield tangible results, an unidentified motorcyclist attached a magnetic bomb to his car and fled. The explosion killed both the Iranian scientist and his driver.

The few years of silence following these attacks were the calm before the storm. In November 2020, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh, head of the military's research and innovation department responsible for nuclear weapons development, was assassinated.

Despite strong, constant protection, Fakhrizadeh was killed. A remotely controlled weapon—a modified FN MAG machine gun—was likely used in the shooting. After confirming the target's identity via video transmission, the remote weapon opened fire on the car Fakhrizadeh was traveling in.

In addition to the attacks on nuclear program staff, Israel has already indicated the possibility of an attack on the research center in Isfahan. In April 2024, Israel attacked its area with drones and aerial missiles without causing significant damage.

According to experts, this was Jerusalem's intention at the time—the attack was meant to signal to Iran that its key research center was within range of Israeli weapons and that it could be destroyed in the event of further conflict escalation.

The coming days will reveal whether this will indeed occur, but even now—based on the series of killings and the dangers associated with working in Isfahan—the seemingly peaceful job of a nuclear physicist in Iran must be considered a high-risk profession.