Tiny tardigrade genome unveils secrets to surviving space
Tardigrades continue to fascinate researchers trying to unravel the mystery of their resilience to extreme environmental conditions. These tiny creatures can withstand temperatures reaching 302 degrees Fahrenheit, survive for decades without water, endure high concentrations of chemical compounds that would be deadly to most life forms, and even thrive in the vacuum of space. A newly discovered species of tardigrade sheds light on the mechanisms that enable these microscopic organisms to withstand harmful radiation.
A team of scientists from various institutions in China studied the genome of Hypsibius henanensis, which was discovered six years ago. According to Science Alert, the researchers found 14,701 protein-coding genes, of which 4,436 (30.2 percent) were unique to tardigrades. The experts then exposed these tiny organisms to radiation, observing gene expression and protein production changes. This allowed them to identify three key mechanisms that help tardigrades survive in extreme conditions.
Tardigrades impress with their resilience
First, the gene "DODA1," likely originating from bacteria, produces pigments called betalains. These pigments neutralize harmful molecules generated by radiation. Second, DNA repair occurs much faster than usual thanks to a tardigrade-specific protein known as "TRI-D" (Tardigrade Radiation-Induced DNA Damage Repair Protein). Third, the increased production of two other proteins, "BCS1" and "NDUFB8," helps supply energy to cells.
These three processes collectively protect tardigrades from the harmful effects of radiation. Scientists plan to investigate whether similar mechanisms are present in other species of tardigrades and whether they also affect their ability to survive in extreme conditions. Previous studies on Hypsibius exemplaris showed that in the face of radiation, these organisms increase the activity of repair genes.
These discoveries may contribute to a better understanding of how to protect the human body in extreme conditions, such as during long-term space flights. Tardigrades likely appeared before the Cambrian period, over 541 million years ago.
